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The jhānas are deep states of meditative absorption central to early Buddhist practice. They represent the gradual refinement of the mind through sustained concentration (samādhi) and the abandonment of coarse mental activity.
The Buddha frequently emphasized them as part of the path to liberation, especially within the development of right concentration (sammā samādhi) on the Noble Eightfold Path.
There are four form (rūpa) jhānas and four formless (arūpa) attainments. Each jhāna is characterized by specific mental factors, such as joy (pīti), tranquility (passaddhi), and equanimity (upekkhā).
Contrary to modern misconceptions, the jhānas are not mystical trances but natural, accessible states rooted in ethical living and diligent practice.
Key Points:
- The four rūpa jhānas involve increasing levels of mental stillness and clarity.
- The Buddha entered the jhānas before awakening and at his final passing (Mahāparinibbāna Sutta, DN 16).
- Debate exists over whether access to jhānas is necessary for stream-entry or only for arahantship.
- Teachers differ on "hard" vs. "soft" jhānas: deeply absorbed vs. lighter, more accessible forms.
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