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Loose Parts: The Open Invitation of Play
“In any environment, both the degree of inventiveness and creativity, and the possibility of discovery, are directly proportional to the number and kind of variables in it.”— Simon Nicholson, The Theory of Loose Parts (1971)
A Short History of the Theory
The term Loose Parts was introduced by architect and designer Simon Nicholson in the 1970s. In his 1971 paper "How Not to Cheat Children: The Theory of Loose Parts", Nicholson argued that creativity is not a mysterious talent possessed by the few but a birthright of all. He lamented the sterile, over-designed environments of both schools and playgrounds, asserting that “all children love to interact with variables”—those materials that they can manipulate, shape, and transform.
His radical proposal was to design environments not around fixed structures, but around possibility. “Creativity is for everyone,” he wrote. “It is about changing things, playing with things, inventing, experimenting, making mistakes, and having fun.”
While Nicholson’s work faded into relative obscurity for several decades, the concept of loose parts has resurged through the influence of Reggio Emilia-inspired education, forest schools, and the playwork movement in the UK. Today, early childhood educators, tinkerers, and nature-based mentors alike have embraced the idea as foundational to meaningful, child-led learning.
Why Loose Parts Matter
In an age of increasing control, surveillance, and digital saturation, loose parts offer a quiet rebellion. As Teacher Tom writes in his blog:
“With loose parts, children are challenged to test the edges of their own ideas, to transform their environment with their own hands, to work together, to resolve conflicts, to communicate, and to take risks.”
Play with loose parts nurtures:
- Creative thinking: There’s no “right answer”—just what you see and imagine.
- Resilience: Failures become experiments, and every mistake is a step toward innovation.
- Cooperation: Children negotiate, collaborate, and invent social rules.
- Connection to the environment: Especially when natural materials are used, children build a relationship with place and season.
As Diane Kashin reflects in her blog "Small Worlds in Early Learning":
“When children create small worlds, they build not only landscapes but identities. They tell stories, imagine roles, and make meaning of their world.”
Walk into any early childhood classroom that hums with possibility, and you’ll likely find baskets brimming with pinecones, bottle caps, sea glass, driftwood, curtain rings, stones, shells, copper wire, cloth scraps, and keys that unlock nothing—and everything. These are loose parts: materials that have no predetermined use and yet contain infinite potential.
This theory isn’t just about materials—it is a philosophy of agency, trust, and the belief that children are capable co-constructors of their worlds.
A Language of Possibility
Loose parts are not toys in the traditional sense. They don’t sing or light up. They don’t dictate a singular narrative. Instead, they whisper suggestions and invite interpretation. A polished stone might become a stew ingredient, a counting object, a creature’s eye, or the moon in a pocket-sized universe. They offer what Loris Malaguzzi, founder of the Reggio Emilia approach, called a hundred languages—a multitude of expressive possibilities through which children construct meaning:
“Children are rich in potential, strong, powerful, competent, and most of all, connected to adults and other children.”— Loris Malaguzzi, The Hundred Languages of Children
Loose parts do not age out. Their open-endedness transcends developmental stages. The same wooden ring might be a teething object for an infant, a stacking material for a toddler, and a pulley wheel for a six-year-old’s invention. They travel across time and interest, morphing with the child’s questions and curiosities.
Pedagogical Implications
When we offer loose parts, we relinquish control over outcomes. This is not a deficit—it is a strength. Children are given the chance to become planners, testers, storytellers, architects, artists, and engineers. A setting rich in loose parts fosters inquiry, experimentation, and collaboration.
As educators, the role is not to guide the play but to observe it, to document it, and to listen deeply to the questions children are posing with their arrangements, collisions, balances, and juxtapositions. The learning does not come from a script. It emerges from the child’s encounter with matter and idea. The educator becomes a listener, a curator, and a documentarian.
“To the young child, play is the real work of life. The need to play is every bit as strong as the need for food, rest, or love.”— Bev Bos
Ecological and Ethical Considerations
There is also an ecological intelligence at work here. Loose parts are often reclaimed, natural, or reused materials—offcuts, discards, shed things. When we repurpose them in children’s environments, we are not only honoring the earth but also teaching children to see potential where others might see waste. This act of stewardship—of working with what is available—is a quiet, ongoing practice of gratitude.
Organizations such as Children in Scotland and educators working in nature-based education have emphasized the alignment between loose parts theory and sustainability. Children learn that beauty and function can be found in the humble and overlooked. The work of play becomes an act of reimagining the material world.
Bringing Loose Parts to Life
How do we begin? The most meaningful loose parts collections are built slowly, thoughtfully, and often with children.
Start with Observation
Before gathering anything, observe how children already play. What are they drawn to? What do they return to, abandon, reinvent? The materials should respond to their interests, not the other way around.
Collect with Intention
Loose parts can be natural (acorns, seed pods, shells, stones) or manufactured (buttons, fabric offcuts, copper pipe rings, wooden blocks). Prioritize materials that are safe, clean, non-toxic, and open-ended. Avoid items that "do the work" for the child.
Consider a variety of textures, weights, transparencies, and sounds. Think in categories:
- Natural: sticks, feathers, pinecones, bark, sand, moss
- Found: bottle caps, corks, cardboard tubes, mesh produce bags
- Craft surplus: beads, yarn, ribbons, leather remnants
- Tools: tongs, scoops, ladles, magnifying glasses
Curate the Environment
Presentation matters. Use shallow trays, baskets, bowls, and small shelves to invite exploration. Loose parts offered in abundance but with aesthetic care communicate that the materials—and the children’s ideas—are valued.
Offer materials indoors and out. Mud kitchens, sand pits, forest clearings, and garden beds are ripe with opportunities for loose parts to become bridges, nests, maps, and shelters.
Listen, Document, Reflect
Notice how children use the parts. Do they create systems? Tell stories? Test physics? Return to a theme over days or weeks? Use documentation—photos, transcriptions, sketching, mapping—not as assessment, but as a way to honor and extend the thinking that arises.
A Closing Thought
In a world of fast-paced, pre-packaged solutions, loose parts offer a slow pedagogy. They ask us to trust the child, to trust the process, and to resist the urge to fill every gap with instruction. They remind us that play is not frivolous. It is the most serious work of childhood.
Loose parts don’t just belong in baskets. They belong in the ethos of our practice—an ethos that embraces uncertainty, possibility, and the unfinished beauty of things in motion.
References
- Nicholson, S. (1971). The Theory of Loose Parts: How Noticing Variables Can Nurture Creativity. Landscape Architecture.
- Edwards, C., Gandini, L., & Forman, G. (Eds.). (1998). The Hundred Languages of Children: The Reggio Emilia Approach—Advanced Reflections.
- Bos, B. (n.d.). Collected quotes from lectures and presentations.
- Daly, L., & Beloglovsky, M. (2015). Loose Parts: Inspiring Play in Young Children. Redleaf Press.
- Children in Scotland (2016). Loose Parts Play: A Toolkit .https://www.playscotland.org/wp-content/uploads/1-Loose-Parts-Play.pdf
- Sobel, D. (2004). Place-Based Education: Connecting Classrooms and Communities. The Orion Society.
Loose parts: What does this mean? (Early Learning Professionals)
Teacher Tom The Theory of Loose Parts
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